Resilient wheel assemblies

ABSTRACT

A wheel assembly for a remote vehicle comprises a wheel structure comprising a plurality of spokes interconnecting a rim and a hub. The spokes comprise at least one slit extending therethrough radially inward from the rim to the hub. The wheel assembly also comprises a flipper structure comprising an arm, a plurality of legs, and an attachment base. The plurality of legs and the attachment base comprise a four-bar linkage. The wheel assembly further comprises an insert comprising a bore with a flat surface that tapers outward from a top portion of the insert to a bottom portion of the insert. The insert may be configured to couple the flipper structure to the wheel structure via an axle on the remote vehicle and prevent backlash between the axle and the flipper structure. The flipper structure may be configured to transmit axial forces to the wheel structure. The wheel structure may be configured to absorb radial and axial forces.

FIELD

The present teachings relate generally to resilient wheel assemblies.More specifically, the present teachings relate to wheel assemblies,including wheel structures, flipper structures, and inserts, providingimproved shock absorption for robotic applications.

BACKGROUND

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described inany way.

When used in robotic applications, wheel assemblies may be required towithstand a significant amount of loading. A mobile robot, for example,may be thrown or dropped or may rollover or otherwise encounter impactsduring its normal course of operation, thereby requiring that the robothave wheel structures that adequately absorb such forces (i.e., axialand/or radial loads) to prevent damage to the robot's wheels and/orchassis. To right the robot if the robot is upside down and/or on itsside (e.g., after rolling or being dropped or thrown), a robot mayrequire a resilient self-righting mechanism, such as, for example, a setof flipper arms coupled to its wheels, for example its rear wheels.

To improve the energy absorption of a wheel structure (i.e., to provideresilience for both radially-directed impacts and/or side(axially-directed) impacts), it may be desirable to provide a wheelstructure that absorbs a predetermined amount of both axial and radialforces. Thus, it may be desirable to provide a wheel structure thatallows a designer to tailor a wheel's axial and radial stiffness.

To prevent damage to a flipper structure during a side impact, it may bedesirable to provide a flipper structure that can absorb side-impactenergy and/or transmit side-impact energy to the wheel structure withoutcompromising functionality. It may, therefore, be desirable to provide aflipper structure designed to absorb impact by translating toward thewheel structure during certain impacts, but which still providesadequate rotational stiffness to lift the robot or right an overturnedrobot. Furthermore, it may be desirable to provide an insert thatcreates a robust interface between an axle of the wheel and the flipperstructure, thereby securely coupling the flipper structure to the axlewhile also preventing flipper backlash.

SUMMARY

The present teachings may solve one or more of the above-mentionedproblems and/or achieve one or more of the above-mentioned desirablefeatures. Other features and/or advantages may become apparent from thedescription which follows.

The present teachings provide a wheel structure for a vehicle. The wheelstructure comprises a continuous, annular rim, a hub, and a plurality ofspokes interconnecting the rim and the hub. The spokes comprise at leastone slit extending therethrough radially inward from the rim to the hub.The spokes may be configured to absorb radial and axial forces. The atleast one slit may be configured to reduce an axial stiffness of thespokes.

The present teachings additionally provide a method of molding a wheelstructure. The wheel structure comprises a plurality of spokesinterconnecting a rim and a hub. The spokes comprise at least one slitextending therethrough radially inward from the rim to the hub. The atleast one slit forms a plurality of spoke layers within each spoke, thespoke layers being axially offset from one another around the hub.

The present teachings additionally provide a flipper structure for avehicle. The flipper structure comprises an arm having a proximal endand a distal end; a plurality of legs coupled to the proximal end of thearm; and an attachment base coupled to the plurality of legs. The legsand attachment base comprise a four-bar linkage. The four-bar linkagemay be configured to allow translation of the arm during impacts andprovide rotational stiffness to the arm to lift the vehicle.

The present teachings additionally provide an insert for a flipperstructure. The insert comprises an annular bushing configured to providea robust interface between an axle and a flipper structure. The bushingcomprises a bore with a flat surface that tapers outward from a topportion of the bushing to a bottom portion of the bushing. The flatsurface may be configured to prevent backlash between the axle and theflipper structure.

The present teachings further provide a wheel assembly for a remotevehicle. The wheel assembly comprises a wheel structure comprising aplurality of spokes interconnecting a rim and a hub. The spokes compriseat least one slit extending therethrough radially inward from the rim tothe hub. The wheel assembly also comprises a flipper structurecomprising an arm, a plurality of legs, and an attachment base. Theplurality of legs and the attachment base comprise a four-bar linkage.The wheel assembly further comprises an insert comprising a bore with aflat surface that tapers outward from a top portion of the insert to abottom portion of the insert. The insert may be configured to couple theflipper structure to the wheel structure via an axle on the remotevehicle and prevent backlash between the axle and the flipper structure.The flipper structure may be configured to transmit axial forces to thewheel structure. The wheel structure may be configured to absorb radialand axial forces.

Additional objects and advantages of the present teachings will be setforth in part in the description which follows, and in part will beobvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of thepresent teachings. The objects and advantages of the present teachingscan be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinationsparticularly pointed out in the appended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the present teachings, as claimed.

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of thepresent teachings and together with the description, serve to explainthe principles of those teachings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a wheelstructure in accordance with the present teachings;

FIG. 2 is a side view of the wheel structure of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the wheel structure of FIG. 2, takenthrough line 3-3 in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of a wheelstructure in accordance with the present teachings;

FIG. 5 is a side view of the wheel structure of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the wheel structure of FIG. 5, takenthrough line 6-6 in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a flipperstructure in accordance with the present teachings;

FIG. 8 is a side view of the flipper structure of FIG. 7;

FIGS. 9A and 9B are respectively top and bottom views in perspective ofanother exemplary embodiment of a flipper structure in accordance withthe present teachings;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are respectively top and bottom views in perspectiveof another exemplary embodiment of a flipper structure in accordancewith the present teachings;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an insert inaccordance with the present teachings;

FIG. 12 is a top view of the insert of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the insert of FIG. 12, takenthrough line 13-13 in FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a side view of a wheel assembly mounted on a mobile robot inaccordance with the present teachings;

FIG. 15 is a top view of the mobile robot of FIG. 14 showing a portionof a wheel assembly;

FIG. 16 is a partial cross-sectional view of the wheel assembly of FIG.15, taken through line 16-16 in FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the wheel assembly of FIG. 14,taken through line 17-17 in FIG. 14; and

FIG. 18 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the flipper structure andinsert of FIG. 17.

DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of thepresent teachings, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings.

The present teachings relate to resilient wheel assemblies, such as, forexample, wheel structures, flipper structures, and inserts, which canimprove the shock absorption of a remote vehicle, such as, for example,a small unmanned ground vehicle (SUGV), including, for example, aniRobot® ThrowBot-type SUGV that is man-portable and throwable. A wheelstructure that absorbs both radial and axial forces can be achieved inaccordance with the present teachings by utilizing a plurality of spokescomprising at least one slit, wherein the at least one slit extendsradially inward from a rim of the wheel (or a radially outer position ofthe spoke) to a hub of the wheel (or a radially inner position of thespoke). Slits in accordance with the present teachings may, for example,effectively reduce the axial stiffness of the spokes, thereby increasingthe resilience of the wheel structure against axial loads (i.e., sideimpacts) when the vehicle is dropped and/or thrown. In accordance withcertain embodiments of the present teachings, the increased resilienceof the wheel in the axial direction does not negatively affect itsability to withstand loads in the radial direction.

Furthermore, a flipper structure that absorbs side impact energy and/ortransmits side-impact energy (i.e., axial shock) to the wheel structurecan be achieved in accordance with the present teachings by utilizing alow profile flipper arm having a plurality of legs, wherein theplurality of legs (in conjunction with an attachment base) effectivelyform a four-bar linkage between the flipper arm and the wheel structure.The four-bar linkage may, for example, allow translation of the flipperarm during a side impact (i.e., allowing the arm to safely collapse intothe wheel structure), while still providing adequate rotationalstiffness for the flipper to lift and manipulate the remote vehicleduring normal remote vehicle operation.

As used herein, the terms “radial force” or “radial load” refer to aforce that exits perpendicular to a wheel's axis of rotation. In otherwords, a radial force is a force directed radially along the surface ofa wheel structure 10 as illustrated, for example, by arrow F_(R) inFIG. 1. As used herein the term “radial shock,” therefore, refers to aradial impact force directed along the surface of the wheel structure asillustrated by F_(R), which can be caused, for example, by a top and/orbottom impact to the wheel structure.

As used herein, the terms “axial force” or “axial load” refer to a forcethat exists parallel to a wheel's axis of rotation. In other words, anaxial force is a force directed along the longitudinal axis of the wheelstructure 10 as illustrated, for example, by arrow F_(A) in FIG. 1. Asused herein, the term “axial shock,” therefore, refers to a an axialimpact force directed along the longitudinal axis of the wheel structureas illustrated by F_(R), which can be caused, for example, by a sideimpact to the wheel structure and/or flipper structure.

As used herein, the term “low profile” refers to a design and positioncharacterized by a deliberate avoidance of prominence on a vehicle.

In various exemplary embodiments, wheel assemblies in accordance withthe present teachings may be attached to and/or mounted on mobilerobots, such as, for example, an axle of a robotic vehicle such as aniRobot® ThrowBot-type SUGV as illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 14-18.Those of ordinary skill in the art would understand, however, that thewheel assemblies of the present teachings, including, for example, thewheel structures, flipper structures, and inserts of the presentteachings, are useful in various applications, improving shockabsorption for various vehicles, and are not intended to be limited inany way by the exemplary embodiments discussed above and below withregard to robotic systems.

Resilient Wheel Structures

With reference now to FIGS. 1-3, perspective, side, and cross-sectionalviews of an exemplary embodiment of a wheel structure 10 are shown. Thewheel structure 10 comprises a continuous, annular rim 40, a hub 30, anda plurality of spokes 20 interconnecting the rim 40 and the hub 30.

The rim 40 is designed for maximum rigidity, allowing the force from anyradial impact or load to be distributed to the maximum number of spokes20. In various embodiments, for example, the distributive effects of therim 40 are accomplished by incorporating an inner rim 44, an outer rim46, and one or more ribs 52 connecting the inner rim 44 and the outerrim 46 as illustrated in FIG. 2. The rim 40, the ribs 52, and therelationship between the inner rim 44 and the outer rim 46 are discussedin detail, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,885 B1 (filed Oct. 29,2001; entitled “Resilient Wheel Structure”), the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein.

The hub 30 is configured, for example, to attach the wheel structure 10to an axle of a remote vehicle (See FIGS. 16-18). Thus, as shown inFIGS. 2 and 3, the hub 30 may comprise a bore 31 for receiving the axleas described below.

The spokes 20 are equispaced around the wheel structure 10, each spoke20 extending from a rim origin point 42 at the inner rim 44 to a huborigin point 32 at the hub 30. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, for example,in various embodiments, there are approximately twelve spokes 20 spacedaround the wheel 10. Those of ordinary skill in the art wouldunderstand, however, that the embodiment shown and described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 2 is exemplary only, and that the number andconfiguration of spokes 20 used on the wheel structure 10 may be chosenbased on the design criteria for a specific application as discussedbelow.

As shown in FIG. 2, each spoke 20 can have three spoke portions, a firstspoke portion 22, a second spoke portion 24, and a third spoke portion26, each with a different curvature. The first spoke portion 22 isconnected to the hub 30 at the hub origin point 32. The second spokeportion 24 is connected to the inner rim 44. The third spoke portion 26connects the first spoke portion 22 to the second spoke portion 24.

In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, thethird spoke portion 26 is generally shaped, for example, to eliminateinflection points, thereby providing zero stress transitions fromtension to compression along the surface of each spoke 20. The spokes 20may, therefore, absorb energy from radial shocks to the wheel structure10 (i.e., deflect in a radial direction) by deforming in three axes aswould be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

Although in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2 the spokes 20 aredepicted as being identical (i.e., the length and curvature of eachspoke portion 22, 24, and 26 is identical for each spoke 20), with auniform thickness and a substantially rectangular cross section, thoseof ordinary skill in the art would understand that the spokes 20 mayhave various curvature profiles, dimensions, and/or cross-sectionalshapes, with various configurations of spoke portions 22, 24, and 26,without departing from the scope of the present teachings. The spokes 20and the spoke portions 22, 24 and 26 are discussed in greater detail,for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,615,885 B1.

Each spoke 20 has at least one slit extending radially inward from therim 40 to the hub 30. As shown in FIG. 3, for example, in variousembodiments, each spoke 20 has three slits 50 extending radially inwardfrom the rim 40 to the hub 30, creating four spoke layers 25 spacedaxially within each spoke 20. As would be understood by those ofordinary skill in the art, the slits 50 reduce the axial stiffness ofthe spokes 20. The spokes 20 may, therefore, absorb energy from axialshocks to the wheel structure 10 by deflecting in the axial direction.

The present teachings, therefore, provide a wheel structure 10, whichallows a designer to tailor a wheel's axial and radial stiffness usingat least slits 50 and the number and configuration of the spokes 20,respectively. As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in theart, for example, the number of spokes 20 and slits 50 used on the wheelstructure 10 may be chosen based on the design criteria for a specificapplication. One of skill in the art would be able to determine, forexample, the volume of material needed (e.g., the number and size ofspokes 20 needed) to actively absorb a given amount of radial force, andthe number and size of slits 50 needed (i.e., the greater the number ofslits 50, the greater the reduction in axial stiffness of the spokes 20)to actively absorb a given amount of axial force, based on suchvariables as the material(s) used for the wheel structure 10.

In various exemplary embodiments, for example, the wheel structure 10may be machined from a high resiliency material such as animpact-resistant polymer. Since the mass of the wheel structure 10contributes to the energy that must be absorbed during an impact event,lightweight materials such as polymers can be used, for example, toreduce the mass of the wheel structure 10. Those of ordinary skill inthe art would understand, however, that the wheel 10 may be formed fromvarious resilient materials including, for example, resilientcomposites, and certain high strength metals, such as, for example,spring steel, and that the material used for the wheel structure 10 maybe chosen as desired based on intended applications, strength/weightconsiderations, cost, and other design factors.

Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art would understand thatwheel structures in accordance with the present teachings may be formedusing various methods and/or processes. Various embodiments of thepresent teachings, for example, contemplate a method of manufacturing awheel structure that comprises molding the wheel structure, such as, forexample, through a conventional injection molding process.

FIGS. 4-6 illustrate an exemplary moldable embodiment of a wheelstructure 100, wherein the spoke layers (similar to the layers 25 shownin FIG. 3) of each spoke are splayed apart from one anothercircumferentially. As above, the wheel structure 100 comprises acontinuous, annular rim 140, a hub 130, and a plurality of spokes 120interconnecting the rim 140 and the hub 130. Each spoke 120 has at leastone slit extending radially inwardly from the rim 140 to the hub 130,creating a plurality of spoke layers 125 within each spoke 120. Asillustrated in FIG. 6, for example, in various embodiments, each spoke120 has three slits 150 (150 ₁-150 ₃), creating four spoke layers 125(125 ₁-125 ₄) within each spoke 120. To mold the wheel structure 100,the spoke layers 125 may, for example, be radially offset from oneanother around the hub 130 as best illustrated in FIG. 4. Such aconfiguration may, for example, permit a wheel structure 100 withmultiple spoke layers 125 to be removed from a mold (i.e. unmolded), aswould be understood by those ordinarily skilled in the art.

In various embodiments, the wheel structure 100 may be molded, forexample, from a polycarbonate resin, such as Lexan EXL1414. Those ofordinary skill in the art would understand, however, that the wheelstructure 100 may be formed from various moldable materials including,for example, various polyamide resins, such as, for example, Zytel®ST801 and Grilamid XE3910 E, and that the material used for the wheelstructure 100 may be chosen as desired based on intended application(s),strength/weight considerations, cost, and other design factors.

Resilient Flipper Structures

With reference now to FIGS. 7 and 8, an exemplary embodiment of aflipper structure 200 for use in conjunction with a wheel structure(e.g., a wheel structure 10 and/or 100) of the present teachings isshown. Use of the wheel structure 100 and flipper structure 200 togetherin a remote vehicle is illustrated in FIGS. 14-18. The flipper structure200 is designed, for example, to improve the mobility of a roboticvehicle, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No.2010/0139995 A1 (filed Dec. 9, 2008; entitled “Mobile Robotic Vehicle”),the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

The flipper structure 200 may comprise, for example, an arm 210, aplurality of legs 220, and an attachment base 230. As shown in FIGS. 15and 17, for example, when the flipper structure 200 is attached to aremote vehicle, such as, for example, a remote vehicle 450, the arm 210may extend longitudinally along the side of the remote vehicle 450, andas described below prevent the wheel structures 100 from twisting duringimpact due to forces exerted on the wheel by an impacted flipper. Due tothe four-bar linkage of the flipper, side-impact forces on the flipperwill be directed axially into the wheel rather than twisting the wheelin a case where the side impact force causes the flipper to rotate aboutits base. The four-bar linkage created by the legs 220 allows an outersurface of the flipper 200 to remain substantially parallel to the roboteven when the flipper 200 deflects in response to a side-impact force,and allows force translated by the flipper to the wheel to besubstantially axially directed rather than torsional.

The arm 210 comprises an inner surface 211 and an outer surface 212wherein, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 17, the inner surface 211 is generallypositioned adjacent to the wheel structures. As illustrated in FIG. 8,for example, in various embodiments, the inner surface 211 can taperinwardly (making the arm thinner) as the arm 210 extends from the legs220 of the flipper 200 to its distal end 213. The distal end 213 of thearm 210 can therefore be thinner than a proximal end 214 of the arm 210,such that the arm 210 is thickest at the proximate end 214 (where it issupported) and gets thinner towards the distal end 213. Thisconfiguration may, for example, decrease the arm's weight withoutcompromising the arm's overall strength and stiffness.

Thus, when the flipper structure 200 is attached to a remote vehicle(e.g., the remote vehicle 450 illustrated in FIGS. 15 and 17), invarious exemplary embodiments, the inner surface 211 of the arm 210slants away from the remote vehicle 450 to form a space S (see FIG. 17)between the arm 210 and the remote vehicle 450, while the outer surface212 of the arm 210 remains parallel to the remote vehicle 450. As wouldbe understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the space S may besized accordingly to, for example, (1) prevent the distal end 213 of thearm 210 from rubbing against the front wheel structure 100 (or anotherstructure of the remote vehicle) if the arm 210 gets deformed, (2)prevent the distal end 213 of the arm 210 from getting caught in thefront wheel structure 100 (or another structure of the remote vehicle)when the remote vehicle 450 is on its side, (3) prevent debris (e.g.,grass, gravel, twigs, etc.) from getting lodged between the arm 210 andthe remote vehicle 450, and (4) prevent the distal end 213 from catchingon external objects.

The legs 220 couple the arm 210 to the attachment base 230. As shown inFIGS. 7 and 8, in various exemplary embodiments, the flipper structure200 can have three legs 220 (two outer legs 221 and one inner leg 222).As best illustrated in FIG. 8, the legs 220 and attachment base 230 forma four-bar linkage 240, wherein the attachment base 230 is the fixedlink, as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.Thus, when the flipper structure 200 is attached to a remote vehicle 450as illustrated in FIGS. 14-18, the arm 210 may translate into the remotevehicle 450 (i.e., into the wheel structure 100) during a side impact(i.e., an axial shock), without the arm bending toward the remotevehicle such that its distal end catches on a front wheel structure(i.e., the arm remains substantially parallel to the remote vehicle),and while still providing adequate rotational stiffness to lift andmaneuver the vehicle in accordance with the teachings of U.S. PatentPublication No. 2010/0139995. The four-bar linkage 240 can preventdamage to the flipper structure 200 during side impacts by transferringaxial force to a wheel structure (where the force may be absorbed asdescribed above).

As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the sizeand configuration of the flipper structure 200 may be chosen based onthe design criteria for a specific application and remote vehicle. Oneof skill in the art would be able to determine, for example, thedimensions and configuration of legs 220 needed for adequate translationof side impact forces, and the length and thickness of arm 210 neededfor adequate rotational stiffness to lift and right the remote vehicle,based for example on the size and weight of the remote vehicle and thematerials used for the flipper structure 200.

With reference to FIGS. 9A and 9B, for example, in various embodimentsof the present teachings, the flipper structure 200 may include holesfor mounting objects and/or payloads. As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, forexample, in various embodiments the flipper structure 200 may includethree holes 250 positioned along a longitudinal axis of the flipperstructure 200 between the proximal end 214 and the distal end 213 of thearm 210. To prevent stress concentrations around the holes 250, invarious embodiments, a reinforcement material 255 may be added aroundthe holes 250. As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in theart, the number, size and configuration of the holes 250 and/orreinforcement material 255 may be chosen based on the design criteriafor a specific application and remote vehicle.

With reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B, in various additional embodimentsof the present teachings, the flipper structure 200 may include aV-shaped cross section to increase the rigidity of the flipper arm 210(i.e., to make the flipper arm 210 more rigid to bending, for example,away from the remote vehicle 450). As shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, forexample, in various embodiments the flipper structure 200 may include aV-shaped cross section 260 that extends along the longitudinal axis ofthe flipper structure 200 between the proximal end 214 and the distalend 213 of the arm 210. The orientation of the V-shaped cross-section260, for example, further lends itself to pushing grass and other debrisaway from the wheel structures 100 (e.g., where the grass and/or debrisis likely to get caught between the tracks and the wheels and inhibitthe vehicle's mobility).

As would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, uponimpact, the V-shaped cross-section 260 may bend toward a flat crosssection (i.e., be crushed flat) such that it maximizes load distributioninto, for example, the rim 40 of the wheel structure 100 (i.e. similarto a flipper with a flat cross-section). After impact, the V-shapedcross-section may then return to its original V shape, and once againincrease the rigidity of the flipper arm. The rigidity of the flipperarm 210 may also be increased by increasing the thickness of the flipperarm as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Merelyincreasing the thickness of the flipper arm may, however, compromiseload distribution into the rim 40 (i.e., such that the load is notuniformly distributed into the rim upon impact), which may not onlycause the wheel structure 100 to bend at an angle, but may also createhigher stresses on the flipper structure 200, thereby causing permanentdeformation of the flipper body 210.

In various embodiments, the flipper structure 200 may be molded, forexample, from a polyamide resin, such as Zytel® ST801, manufactured byDupont™. Those of ordinary skill in the art would understand, however,that the flipper structure 200 may be formed using various methodsand/or techniques, using various materials including, for example,various ductile plastics, resins, and metals, and that the material usedfor the flipper structure 200 may be chosen as desired based on intendedapplication(s), strength/weight considerations, cost, and other designfactors.

The attachment base 230 is configured, for example, to attach theflipper structure 200 to an axle of a remote vehicle via an insert 300(See FIGS. 16-18). The axle can drive (i.e., rotate) the flipper. Asshown in FIG. 7, the attachment base 230 may comprise a plurality ofinsert holes 233 and a bore 232 for receiving an insert and a fastener,respectively. In various embodiments, for example, nine insert holes 233may be spaced evenly around an outer surface of the attachment base 230to receive insert pins as described below. In various additionalembodiments, a fastener (e.g., a mounting bolt 430) (see FIG. 18) maypass through the bore 232 to secure the flipper structure 200 to theaxle.

Inserts

With reference now to FIGS. 11-13, an exemplary embodiment of an insert300 for use in conjunction with a flipper structure (e.g., a flipperstructure 200) of the present teachings is shown. As shown in FIGS.16-18, for example, when the insert 300 is engaged with an axle 420 of aremote vehicle, such as, for example, a remote vehicle 450, the insert300 may provide a robust interface between the axle 420 and the flipperstructure 200.

The insert may comprise, for example, an annular bushing 310 with aflange 312. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the flange 312 has a bore 330with a flat offset surface 332 that tapers outward from a top portion313 of the bushing 310 to a bottom portion 314 of the bushing 310 tocreate an offset angle O. In various embodiments of the presentteachings, for example, the offset angle O is at least about 15 degreesfrom an axis A of the insert 300, such as, for example, about 16 degreesfrom the axis A. Thus, to mount the insert 300 on an axle 420 asillustrated in FIGS. 17 and 18, the flat offset surface 332 can matewith a corresponding offset surface 432 (i.e., having a complementaryoffset angle O) of the axle 420.

In various embodiments, the insert 300 may also comprise a plurality ofpins for mounting the flipper structure 200 to the axel 420 (See FIG.18). As shown in FIGS. 11-13, for example, the insert 300 may comprisenine pins 340 configured to respectively engage the nine insert holes233 of the flipper structure 200, thereby transmitting torque betweenthe axle 420, which drives (rotates) the insert 300, and the flipperstructure 200. Those of ordinary skill in the art would understand,however, that the embodiments of FIG. 7 (i.e., flipper structure 200)and FIGS. 11-13 (i.e., insert 300) are exemplary only, and that flipperstructures and inserts in accordance with the present teachings mayrespectively comprise various types, sizes, numbers and/orconfigurations of insert holes 233 and pins 340 without departing fromthe scope of the present teachings.

When the flipper structure 200 and the insert 300 are tightened to theaxle 420, the insert 300 can provide a zero-backlash interface (e.g.,the insert 300 can wedge the flipper 200 against the axle 420 via theoffset surface 332 to prevent backlash between the parts. As usedherein, the term “backlash” refers to play resulting from looseconnections between mechanical elements. In other words, backlash is theplay resulting from a loose connection between the axle and the insertand/or between the insert and the flipper structure. The offset surface332 can transmit torque while preventing any loose connection andtherefore backlash between the axle 420 and the insert 300 that mayotherwise exist, for example due to manufacturing tolerances or the needto provide clearance to allow parts to mate.

In various embodiments, the insert 300 may be formed, for example, fromstainless steel, such as a grade 303 stainless steel. Those of ordinaryskill in the art would understand, however, that the insert 300 may beformed from various high-strength materials that can be chosen based onintended application(s), strength considerations, corrosion resistance,cost, and other design factors.

Resilient Wheel Assemblies

With reference now to FIGS. 14-18, in various exemplary embodiments, awheel structure 100, flipper structure 200, and insert 300 may beassembled on a remote vehicle 450. A wheel assembly 400 comprising thewheel structure 100, flipper structure 200, and insert 300 may beconstructed, for example, on an axle 420 of the remote vehicle 450.

As shown in FIGS. 14-16, the wheel structure 100 may be mounted on theaxle 420 via the hub 130 of the wheel structure 100, wherein the axle420 extends longitudinally through a bore 131 (See FIGS. 5 and 6) in thehub 130 to drive the wheel structure 100 and also to engage the insert300. As above, the axle 420 may comprise an offset surface 432, whichcomplements the offset surface 332 in the insert 300. Thus, the insert300 may be securely mated with the axle 420. The flipper structure 200may then be mounted to the axle 420 via the insert 300. As above, theinsert 300 may comprise a plurality of pins 340, which may engage aplurality of insert holes 233 in the flipper structure 200. The wheelstructure 100, insert 300, and flipper structure 200 may then all besecured to the axle 420 via a fastener 430, wherein the fastener 430extends longitudinally through the bore 232 in the flipper structure 200to engage the axle 420 as illustrated in FIG. 18.

Those of ordinary skill in the art would understand that various types,sizes, numbers, and/or configurations of bores and/or fasteners can beused without departing from the scope of the present teachings. Those ofordinary skill in the art would further understand that the wheelstructure, insert, and flipper structure may be secured to the axleusing various fastening mechanisms, including, but not limited to,various types of screws and/or bolts.

Thus, during operation of the remote vehicle 450, the wheel structures100 may absorb both radial and axial forces to prevent damage to thewheels and/or the chassis of the remote vehicle 450. As stated above,the spokes of a wheel structure 100 may, for example, absorb energy fromradial shocks to the wheel structure 100 (i.e., deflect in a radialdirection) by deforming in three axes. Slits in the spokes of the wheelstructure 100 may also effectively reduce the axial stiffness of thespokes, thereby increasing the resilience of the wheel structure 100against axial shocks (i.e., side impacts) when the remote vehicle 450rolls or is dropped and/or thrown.

Furthermore, the flipper structures 200 may transmit energy (i.e., axialshock) to the wheel structures 100 to prevent damage to the flipperswhen the remote vehicle 450 rolls or is dropped and/or thrown. As above,a flipper structure 200 may, for example, have a plurality of legs,wherein the plurality of legs (in conjunction with an attachment base)effectively form a four-bar linkage between an arm of the flipperstructure 200 and a wheel structure 100. As would be understood by thoseof ordinary skill in the art, the four-bar linkage may allow translationof the arm during a side impact (i.e., allowing the arm to safelycollapse into the wheel structure 100), while also providing adequaterotational stiffness to lift the remote vehicle 450 during normalvehicle operation.

As discussed above, resilient wheel assemblies, including wheelstructures, flipper structures, and inserts, in accordance with thepresent teachings are useful in various applications and are scalable,for example, to any size vehicle, such as, for example, any size remotevehicle, allowing for improved vehicle shock absorption. It will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit ofthis disclosure that the present teachings provide wheel assemblyembodiments for various robotic vehicles. Further modifications andalternative embodiments of various aspects of the present teachings willbe apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description.

In both military and industrial settings, personnel often encounterdangerous situations where intelligence of what lies ahead could savelives. Dismounted military patrols can use a lightweight, portable robotto maneuver into small spaces prone to ambush, and inspect potentialthreats, including suspected improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Asmall search robot can also be used to assess situations before exposingpersonnel to harm. In industrial settings, emergency personnel canpre-position or insert a small inspection robot in hazardous spaces toevaluate the situation before humans enter the area. And a small searchrobot can evaluate the extent of danger before rescue teams enter sealedareas in mining operations, chemical plants, or nuclear reactors.Embodiments of a remote vehicle in accordance with the present teachingscan provide a lightweight, man-portable search robot designed to helpkeep military personnel out of harm's way. Readily deployable andextremely maneuverable, embodiments of a remote vehicle in accordancewith the present teachings can serve as a forward-looking eye thattravels ahead of dismounted military forces or industrial emergencypersonnel, and can indicate the presence of IEDs, enemy combatants, andother potential hazards

An exemplary embodiment of a remote vehicle, such as, for example, asmall search robot, in accordance with the present teachings isillustrated, for example, in FIGS. 14 and 15. The table below alsoprovides general specifications for an exemplary embodiment of a remotevehicle in accordance with the present teachings.

Specification Description System FirstLook robot, Operational ControlUnit (OCU), Components PDA controller, and charging dock equipment.Portability 10 × 9 × 4 inches, and approximately four pounds. RuggednessDesigned for 15-foot drops onto concrete without a protective case.Maneuverability Climbs steps and curbs, self-rights when inverted, andturns in place with skid-steer tracks. Waterproof Waterproof to threefeet (IP67). High Situational Four cameras point in all four cardinaldirections Awareness with configurable video compression. Night VisionIR illumination for night operations. Audio Two-way audio. CommunicationOperational Control Wrist-mounted with built-in radio and batteries Unit(OCU) to support full robot mission. Radio Digital mesh networkingallows multiple units Communication to relay messages over greaterdistances. Military Band Optional 4.5-GHz military band. Runtime Oversix hours on a typical mission; and up to 10 hours of stationary videomonitoring. Payload Expansion Optional robot payload expansion allowsintegration of specialized cameras and sensors and thermal imagers,chem-bio-radiation sensors, and destructive payloads up to one-halfpound.

Multiple robots in accordance with the present teachings can, forexample, form mesh networks to help solve radio-range challenges inurban environments. One or more robots in accordance with the presentteachings can be interoperable with an entire fleet of robots andcontrollers allowing one operator to control multiple robots.Interoperability can, for example, enable cooperative and marsupialmissions involving heterogeneous robot platforms using, for example, anadvance behavior engine such as iRobot's® Aware® 2 Robot IntelligenceSoftware technology. Robot interoperability provides a decisive steptoward building cost-effective, multi-robot systems that can adapt to awide variety of real-world challenges.

Remote vehicles in accordance with the present teachings havesignificant applications in both short-range military and civilianindustrial settings. Such remote vehicles are designed, for example, toenter dangerous, dirty, and confined spaces to keep humans out of harm'sway.

Systems in accordance with the present teachings can comprise, forexample, a robot, an operator control system (OCU), and charging dockequipment. At a military base, while awaiting a mission, an operatormay, for example, set up the robot and controller to charge the robot'sbatteries. When preparing for a mission, the robot and its controllerare removed from the charging dock and stowed in a backpack,vest-mounted pouch, or similar carrying device. During a combat mission,the robot remains conveniently stowed away until needed for ashort-range reconnaissance mission. When needed, the robot is removedfrom its carrying compartment and activated. The robot is preferably athrowable robot and can be tossed down a corridor, into a window, or upa stairwell. The robot can absorb impact forces as described above and,after landing, can right itself as needed and be remotely operated.Video feed can be evaluated before determining the next course ofaction.

Using a robot in accordance with the present teachings can, for example,reduce collateral casualties by allowing military personnel to determinethe degree of hostile intent before entering a dangerous environment.The robot can also look for and determine the presence of booby trapsand IEDs. In various additional embodiments of the present teachings,several robots can be utilized to extend the range of operations byacting as radio-relay nodes. A wider area of radio coverage can beprovided if a robot is tossed onto a roof top or other high locationswith good visibility.

In non-military applications, systems in accordance with the presentteachings can, for example, be permanently installed at floor levelinside a containment building, where the robot can charge in itscharging dock. When an incident occurs, remote personnel can deploy therobot from its charging dock to evaluate, for example, the extent andtype of an incident. The robot can, for example, autonomously return toits charging dock when the mission is completed.

In a civilian industrial setting, a home inspector can keep the robot ina wall-mounted charging dock inside an equipment truck until needed.Thus, when arriving on site, the robot is charged and ready fordeployment. The inspector can, for example, remove the robot from itscharging dock, and use it for evaluation tasks, such as under-house orstorm drainage system inspection. After use, the robot can be returnedto its charging dock.

Various embodiments of a system in accordance with the present teachingsmay further include training documentation, and can fit into a small boxweighing less than 10 pounds for ease of shipment. Optionally, thesystem can be shipped in, for example, a rugged waterproof case,commonly referred to as a Pelican case.

Various embodiments of the robot may, for example, have a small,flat-form factor with two tracks, similar to a small tank. The robotalso preferably has side flippers, such as the flippers discussed above,which can rotate 360° around their axles.

In various embodiments of the present teachings, the robot can climbstairs and curbs. The robot's platform can be, for example, about 10×9×4inches, weigh about four pounds, and can be dropped 15 feet on to aconcrete surface without incurring structural damage that impede itsmission. For power, the robot can use, for example, built-inrechargeable lithium ion batteries, which can support typical missiondurations of in excess of six hours. Various embodiments of the robotcan contain a small payload interface on top where optional sensors,manipulators, or other payloads can be attached. Various embodiments ofthe robot can, for example, accommodate a payload of up to 0.5 poundwithout impeded mobility. In accordance with various embodiments, therobot's motor can provide a top speed near 1.5 m/sec (3.4 mph).

In various additional embodiments of the present teachings, the remotevehicle can include a processor, such as an ARM processor, which canhandle processing of commands and telemetry (JAUS/SAE AS-4 compliant),motor-control loops, video processing and compression, and assistiveautonomous behaviors implemented in an advanced behavior engine such as,for example, iRobot®'s Aware® 2 software architecture. The robot can beoptionally configured to be compliant with various robot interfacestandards, including JAUS and SAE AS-4.

In various embodiments, a set of sensors for perceiving terrain (e.g.,cliffs and walls), inclinations, and orientation can be utilized toassist the operator with common tasks, relieving the need for difficultand intensive teleoperation during such tasks as climbing stairs orself-righting. In various additional embodiments, the robot caninteroperate with other robot products and compatible operator controlunits (OCUs). Interoperability can, for example, allow the same OCU tooperate two robots (the same or different) simultaneously.

In accordance with various embodiments, a small, wrist-mounted operatorcontrol unit (OCU) may include a radio, an antenna, and a batterycapacity to accommodate the robot's mission life. The OCU can, forexample, measure 6.5×4.5×2 inches, weigh approximately one pound, and beconveniently stowed in cargo pockets. The OCU can, for example, displayall of the robot's real-time video streams simultaneously, allow directcontrol of the robot, and allow initiation of assorted autonomous and/orsemi-autonomous behaviors. The OCU can additionally display, forexample, the status of the robot's systems, including, for example,battery state of charge and flipper mechanism position. In variousembodiments, the OCU can be weather resistant and be configured tooperate, for example, over a temperature range of about −10° C. to about50° C.

A robot in accordance with the present teachings is preferably a small,light-weight, tracked vehicle with trackless flippers as shown, forexample, above in FIGS. 14 and 15. The flippers can be mounted to a rearaxle of the robot (See FIG. 14). When the flippers are stowed, the robotcan, for example, fit into an assault pack. The robot's small formfactor and light weight can lend it well to throwing into restrictedspaces; and no external protective device is needed to protect the robotupon landing. The present teachings contemplate several robots beingcarried in a single backpack. In various embodiments of the presentteachings, a small, ruggedized, PDA-style controller can be providedwith the robot. The controller can weigh, for example, about one pound.The robot's charging dock can, for example, fit in an assault pack withthe robot and controller.

Various robots in accordance with the present teachings provide thesmallest robot that can climb stairs, street curbs, and other obstaclescommon in urban environments. Such climbing is accomplished with theflippers as described above. Embodiments of the robot can have, asillustrated herein, four wheels, rubber elastic tracks, and a flat brickbody. The flippers are capable of continuous 360-degree rotation in bothdirections. The flippers can self-right the robot if it inverts, and canhelp the robot to overcome a wide variety of obstacles that typicallyobstruct a small robot.

Robot embodiments in accordance with the present teachings can thereforeclimb stairs and crawl over rough terrain without getting stuck inrubble and debris. Various embodiments of the robot can, for example,climb 60° slopes, and traverse 45° slopes, depending on the terrain. Invarious additional embodiments, the flippers can help the robot crossgaps, such as, for example, over six inches in length. The tracked drivetrain can, for example, in some embodiments, move the robot at speeds inexcess of about 1.5 meters/sec. Flipper systems in accordance with thepresent teachings therefore provide a high degree of mobility to therobot. The flippers' 360-degree rotation, for example, allows the robotto “swim” over rubble piles and rugged terrain that typically stop smallrobots with low ground clearance. The flippers can also self-right therobot when it is thrown or dropped onto a hard surface. Theself-righting feature allows the robot's radio antennas and sensors tobe designed into the top of the robot for superior visibility. Theability to position payloads and antennas on top of the robot is notavailable on existing invertible robot systems that do not haveflippers.

Various embodiments of a robot in accordance with the present teachingsare waterproof, for example, to IP67, and operate over a widetemperature range. The robot's low form factor can also make itresistant to very high winds, such as, for example, in excess of 45 mph,with little degradation of mission performance. As stated above, variousembodiments of the robot can operate in temperatures ranging from about−10° C. to about 60° C., with the operational temperature range beinglargely dictated by current lithium ion battery technology as would beunderstood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

In various embodiments in accordance with the present teachings, therobot's charging dock can utilize, for example, 110-250VAC 50-60 Hz. Therobot can also operate using an optional 12-28VDC charger. The smallsize and low cost of the robot will allow personnel to carry sparerobots instead of spare batteries, if extended mission runtime isexpected.

In various embodiments, the robot's radio can comprise, for example, aUSB module, and can support bidirectional digital communications andmobile ad hoc mesh networking. The default radio can operate, forexample, on a frequency of 5.8 GHz, and have a line-of-sight range inexcess of 200 meters. The radio can also support operations on 2.4 GHzor a wider variety of frequencies. The robot can optionally be equippedwith a radio supporting a military band of 4.475-4.725 GHz with 200 mrange. The radio can be connected to a flexible antenna mounted on topof the robot with a unique collapsible mast as described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/340,456 (filed Dec. 29, 2011; entitled “AntennaSupport Structures”), the entire contents of which are incorporated byreference herein.

When the robot flips over or onto its side, an autonomous self-rightingbehavior can be utilized to self-right the robot to allow its flexibleantenna to regain its upright position.

In accordance with various embodiments of the present teachings, inareas where RF performance may be degraded by background noise, orobstructed by terrain, several robots can be used together as relaynodes to extend the operational range. If the first robot reaches its RFcommunications limit, a second robot can be deployed to drive past thefirst robot into an inaccessible area, utilizing the first robot as aradio-relay node. The mesh networking capability can be built into someembodiments of the robot.

In various embodiments of the present teachings, organic sensors can bemounted on the robot including, for example: a battery state of chargesensor; a voltage sensor; an amperage sensor; a tilt/inclination andbump sensor; a cliff detector; a wall following sensor; a yaw-angularrate sensor (i.e., to detect slippage and enhance odometry); a motorcurrent sensor; and a flipper position sensor. In various additionalembodiments, the robot can have on-board logging of diagnostic data, andcan warn the operator of potential impending system failures requiringmaintenance. The robot's autonomous capabilities can include, forexample, one or more of the following.

Self-righting—a built-in, autonomous, self-righting behavior. When therobot is on and left undisturbed in the inverted position, the flippersactivate in a series of maneuvers to upright the robot to ensure theantennas are returned to the upright position.

Step climbing—the robot can climb steps. To facilitate step climbing,the robot can have a built-in assistive behavior initiated by the remoteoperator once the robot is positioned in front of the step. Theassistive behavior executes the required sequence of motions required toclimb the step based upon the feedback from the internal sensors.

Cliff detection—due to the low perspective of the robot's cameras, it isoften difficult to see when the robot is driving towards a drop off,such as the top of a flight of stairs or the edge of a platform. Toassist the operator in such situations, the robot can have built-incliff sensors which are utilized in a protected driving mode. If theoperator drives the robot too close to the edge of a stairwell or cliff,the robot stops, and verifies that the operator is aware of the drop offby projecting a warning message on the OCU. The operator can then decideto turn away from the edge, or to proceed and drive over the ledge.

Wall following—to facilitate searching a room or space, the operator cancommand the robot to follow a wall clockwise or counter clockwise arounda room's perimeter. The robot autonomously drives around the perimeterhugging the base of the wall.

Video Guard Mode—the robot can be configured in a low-power, standbymode. In this mode, the robot wakes up, and transmits an alert if itsees any motion. This mode can be useful when securing an area in aleave-behind scenario.

Certain embodiments of the robot can contain an expansion port for theaddition of future payload modules on top where optional payloads,manipulators, or destructive payloads are attached. The robot can, forexample, accommodate a payload of up to about 0.5 pounds without impededmobility. Payload expansion can allow integration of specialized camerasand sensors, including thermal imagers, chem-bio-radiation sensors, anddestructive payloads.

The remote vehicle embodiments described herein can also includeadditional components that were omitted from the drawings for clarity ofillustration and/or operation. Accordingly, this description is to beconstrued as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching thoseskilled in the art the general manner of carrying out the presentteachings. It is to be understood that the various embodiments shown anddescribed herein are to be taken as exemplary. Elements and materials,and arrangements of those elements and materials, may be substituted forthose illustrated and described herein, parts may be reversed, andcertain features of the present teachings may be utilized independently,all as would be apparent to one skilled in the art after having thebenefit of the description herein. Changes may be made in the elementsdescribed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent teachings and following claims, including their equivalents.

It is to be understood that the particular examples and embodiments setforth herein are non-limiting, and modifications to structure,dimensions, materials, and methodologies may be made without departingfrom the scope of the present teachings.

For the purposes of this specification and appended claims, unlessotherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages orproportions, and other numerical values used in the specification andclaims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by theterm “about” if they are not already. Accordingly, unless indicated tothe contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the followingspecification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent teachings. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the present teachings are approximations, thenumerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported asprecisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently containscertain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation foundin their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosedherein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumedtherein.

It is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims,the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the,” and any singular use of anyword, include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocallylimited to one referent. As used herein, the term “include” and itsgrammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such thatrecitation of items in a list is not to the exclusion of other likeitems that can be substituted or added to the listed items.

It should be understood that while the present teachings have beendescribed in detail with respect to various exemplary embodimentsthereof, it should not be considered limited to such, as numerousmodifications are possible without departing from the broad scope of theappended claims, including the equivalents they encompass.

1. A wheel structure for a vehicle, the wheel structure comprising: acontinuous, annular rim; a hub; and a plurality of spokesinterconnecting the rim and the hub, the spokes comprising at least oneslit extending therethrough radially inward from the rim to the hub,wherein the spokes are configured to absorb radial and axial forces, andwherein the at least one slit is configured to reduce an axial stiffnessof the spokes.
 2. The wheel structure of claim 1, wherein the vehicle isa remote vehicle.
 3. The wheel structure of claim 1, wherein the rimcomprises an inner rim, an outer rim, and at least one rib connectingthe inner rim and the outer rim.
 4. The wheel structure of claim 1,wherein the plurality of spokes comprise three slits extendingtherethrough radially inward from the rim to the hub.
 5. The wheelstructure of claim 1, wherein each spoke of the plurality of spokescomprises three spoke portions, each spoke portion having a differentcurvature, and wherein the spoke curvature is configured to eliminateinflection points.
 6. The wheel structure of claim 1, wherein the atleast one slit forms a plurality of spoke layers within each spoke, thespoke layers being axially offset from one another around the hub. 7.The wheel structure of claim 6, wherein the at least one slit comprisesthree slits forming four spoke layers within each spoke.
 8. A method ofmolding a wheel structure, wherein the wheel structure comprises aplurality of spokes interconnecting a rim and a hub, wherein the spokescomprise at least one slit extending therethrough radially inward fromthe rim to the hub, and wherein the at least one slit forms a pluralityof spoke layers within each spoke, the spoke layers being axially offsetfrom one another around the hub.
 9. The method of claim 8, whereinmolding the wheel structure comprises injection molding the wheelstructure.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the spokes comprise threeslits, the slits forming four spoke layers within each spoke.
 11. Aflipper structure for a vehicle, the flipper structure comprising: anarm having a proximal end and a distal end, a plurality of legs coupledto the proximal end of the arm; and an attachment base coupled to theplurality of legs, wherein the legs and attachment base comprise afour-bar linkage, wherein the four-bar linkage is configured to allowtranslation of the arm during impacts and provide rotational stiffnessto the arm to lift the remote vehicle.
 12. The flipper structure ofclaim 11, wherein the vehicle is a remote vehicle.
 13. The flipperstructure of claim 11, wherein the arm comprises an inner surface and anouter surface, a thickness of the arm being tapered between the proximaland the distal end of the arm so that the distal end of the arm isthinner than the proximal end of the arm.
 14. The flipper structure ofclaim 13, wherein the inner surface is configured to slant away from thevehicle to form a space between the arm and the vehicle, the space beingconfigured to prevent the distal end from contacting another portion ofthe vehicle and prevent debris from getting lodged between the arm andthe vehicle, and wherein the outer surface is configured to be parallelto the vehicle.
 15. The flipper structure of claim 11, wherein the armcomprises at least one hole configured to mount an object and/or apayload.
 16. The flipper structure of claim 11, wherein the flipper armcomprises a V-shaped cross-section extending along a longitudinal axisof the flipper structure between the proximate end of the arm and thedistal end of the arm.
 17. The flipper structure of claim 11, whereinthe plurality of legs comprise three legs.
 18. An insert for a flipperstructure, the insert comprising an annular bushing configured toprovide a robust interface between an axle and a flipper structure, thebushing comprising a bore with a flat surface that tapers outward from atop portion of the bushing to a bottom portion of the bushing, whereinthe flat surface is configured to prevent backlash between the axle andthe flipper structure.
 19. The insert of claim 18, wherein the flatsurface is offset from an axis of the insert by at least about 15degrees.
 20. The insert of claim 19, wherein the flat surface is offsetfrom the axis by about 16 degrees.
 21. A wheel assembly for a remotevehicle, the wheel assembly comprising: a wheel structure comprising aplurality of spokes interconnecting a rim and a hub, the spokescomprising at least one slit extending therethrough radially inward fromthe rim to the hub; a flipper structure comprising an arm, a pluralityof legs, and an attachment base, the plurality of legs and theattachment base comprising a four-bar linkage; and an insert comprisinga bore with a flat surface that tapers outward from a top portion of theinsert to a bottom portion of the insert, the insert being configured tocouple the flipper structure to the wheel structure via an axle on theremote vehicle, wherein the insert is configured to prevent backlashbetween the axle and the flipper structure, wherein the flipperstructure is configured to transmit axial forces to the wheel structure,and wherein the wheel structure is configured to absorb radial and axialforces.